一. 名词解释

1. Dark Romanticism

Dark Romanticism (often conflated with(合并) Gothicism or called American Romanticism) is a literary subgenre in the 19th century. It has been suggested that Dark Romantics present individuals as prone to sin and self-destruction, not as inherently possessing divinity(神性) and wisdom. G. R. Thompson describes this disagreement（争论）, stating "the Dark Romantics adapted images of anthropomorphized（人格化） evil in the form of Satan, devils, ghosts, werewolves（狼人）, vampires, and ghouls（食尸鬼）." For these Dark Romantics, the natural world is dark, decaying, and mysterious; when it does reveal truth to man, its revelations are evil and hellish（凶恶的）. Finally, works of Dark Romanticism frequently show individuals failing in their attempts to make changes for the better.

2. Transcendentalism

Movement of writers and philosophers in 19th century New England who were loosely bound together by adherence to an idealist system of thought

First, the transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. The Oversoul (Universal Being) was an all-pervading power for goodness, omnipresent and omnipotent.

Second, the transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. To them the individual was the most important element of society. As the regeneration of the society could only come about through the regeneration of the individual, Third, the transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was, to them, not purely matter. It was alive, filled with God's overwhelming presence. It was the garment(外观) of the Oversoul. Therefore, it could exercise a healthy and restorative（滋补的，恢复健康的） influence on the