三. 攻击论证过程

1. 时间上的错误类比

To begin with,…(陈述某个数据) may not a reliable date of that rate would be now(和现在相比较是不可信的). Perhaps the… (反例)， For that matter, perhaps …(说出反例的情况下会导致何种结果). In short, without ruling out other possible reasons for …(假设说出针对反例应该怎么做)the memo’s author cannot convince me on the basis of …(说出应该有的结论)

2.错误的因果关系

3. 两个事实错误的类比

Even if…(让步，即使某个条件成立) the argument unfairly assumes that…(说明错误的类比的情况). It is entirely possible that the …(比较对象) own different situations. Perhaps …(具体说出反例) Without accounting for such differences between the two places is unreliable。

4. 错误的推论

Even if …(让步，即使某个条件成立)the argument relied on the future assumption that …(说出要让步的是事实). Yet the only evidence the argument offer to

substantiate this assumption (说出文中的根据). Perhaps …(说出有可能出现的其他情况导致这个事实)if so, (说出不一样的结果，与上面事实相矛盾). Or…(其他的情况) In short, without more information about…(对上面的可能情况总结) were established it is impossible to assess …(回到上面的结论)

四. 结论的攻击

说明结论不完美，可以有其他的方法

Finally, the argument fails to consider …(有更好的办法实现目标). Perhaps by…(办法一)， or by (办法二)， (对目标进行展望) In short, without weighing the suggestion against alternatives, it is unconvincing that (说明提供的方案不好) 赢利